A Book Critique of The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age Essay

Presentation In L. Russ Bush’s Christian remorseful work, The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age, he subtleties the turn of events and evident false notion related with the cutting edge naturalist perspective. Shrub, an educator at Southeast Baptist Theological Seminary, centers around the possibility of unavoidable movement inside the cutting edge perspective and gives a diagram of this view’s proclamation inside epistemology. Shrubbery declares Christians are no longer socially the greater part in their convictions in regards to a world made by God and in this manner the common specialists are no longer there to secure their convictions, as in hundreds of years past. Along these lines, it is basic to have a Christian reaction to present day naturalism. Shrub moves toward this transformative perspective from a philosophical point of view and not as a researcher. The objective of his postulation isn't to persuade the peruser of the logical benefits of Christianity , yet to uncover the wrong convictions found in the advanced naturalistic perspective when contrasted with Christianity. Rundown Bush’s by and large reason in this book is to show the failings of the cutting edge naturalist theory, particularly when contrasted with the realities found in scriptural Christianity. Bramble arranges his work into eight sections, which decides to destroy the advanced naturalistic perspective. At an early stage inside the book, Bush receives the expression â€Å"Advancement† which he uses to depict the naturalistic way of thinking for inescapable advancement inside the innovator perspective. Progression, as Bush clarifies, is a pertinent term for both pioneer and post-innovator methods of reasoning. The pioneer worldviewâ blends characteristic noteworthy improvement with inescapable advancement and Bush portrays this view is moving into vulnerability, in view of its relativistic nature that lone lead to disorder. Shrubbery follows these perspectives all through mankind's history and subtleties the improvement of current naturalistic idea. The book uncovers humanityâ⠂¬â„¢s perspective on epistemology has transformed from the perspective on a world made by an almighty maker God to an irregular creation welcomed on by a progression of chance occurrences, which lead to the formation of all life that possesses the world. The creator characterizes the innovator perspective through the ways of thinking of Plato, Aristotle, and up through the edification savants of the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. Moreover, Bush thinks about the huge contrasts between the Christian and pioneer perspective. This examination uncovers unsteadiness is found in the relative naturalistic perspective, and security is available in Christianity. The Advancement centers around the perpetual God of the Bible who offers solidness dissimilar to naturalism, which just offers unavoidable bedlam. Hedge subtleties the ascent of the logical technique and Darwinian advancement inside dynamic culture, which introduces the decay of the Christian larger part in present day society. The consequence of the headway manner of thinking made a subject inside society that God was no longer in presence or that God had passed on. The procedure of occasions inside the historical backdrop of the world started to be seen as the consequen ces of mishaps inside a convoluted procedure. Shrub subtleties under the pioneer perspective there is no objectivity in light of the fact that the brain is simply a consequence of irregular procedures. In addition, Bush notes the defining moment from a territory Christian perspective to the naturalistic perspective started with the presentation of Deism inside the congregation. The creator presents the philosophical repercussions of mixing the Christian confidence with naturalism trying to accommodate the two perspectives. As per Bush, the false notion in the cutting edge perspective is uncovered through his introduction of the â€Å"Ten Axioms of Modern Scientific Thought.† These adages characterize how present day naturalism gets reality and how different sciences manufacture their suspicions on its information. Shrubbery finishes up his book by specifying the motivation behind why the progression perspective must be dismissed considering the scriptural perspective. Bramble composes the remedy for the impacts of the progression perspective is true Christianity. The soundness of Christianity is the main response to the family member and sporadic naturalist see. Book Critique Bush’s proposal inside his book was the view that dependability is found in the scriptural perspective on the made world, which introduces itself in levelheaded request. Hedge contends the naturalistic view depends on changing and inconsistent logical explanation, which makes a domain of shakiness. The Advancement dismantles the way of thinking of naturalism in an issue that can be handily comprehended by those outside of the scholarly community. The Advancement presents a few in number contentions with respect to Bush’s claims on current naturalism. Bush’s most grounded contention exists in his view that the cutting edge naturist perspective as relative and misleading. The introduction of the obvious end result of the developmental perspective, which prompted the Nazi development in Germany, was an incredibly ground-breaking approach to uncover the consistent trappings of this headway mentality. The measure where humankind sees its encouraging and accomplishment through naturalistic idea is abstract and slanted to this skeptical way of thinking. Shrubbery uncovers headway thinking as bogus by uncovering the absence of unavoidable advancement inside mankind's history. The proceeded with progression of science and innovation doesn't make the idealistic world imagined by the individuals who announce the cutting edge naturalist perspective. Hedge shrewdly presents the issue with medication that notwithstanding the extraordinary accomplishment saw by humankind there is as yet the nearness of sickness equivalent to the levels in times past. Bush’s utilization of the â€Å"Ten Axioms of Modern Scientific Thought† characterizes the study of naturalistic reasoning and shows how other logical orders construct their suspicions with respect to transformative hypothesis, which depends on this information. Another quality Bush presents can be found in his last part when he presents Jesus Christ as Lord. Hedge finishes his conciliatory in an issue that each Christian should end with while taking part in rational theology, which is an attention on Christ. Shrub presents Christ as the focal point of truth with respect to God and the world. This introduction of Christ gives those occupied with the self-reproachful contention an opportunity to hear the gospel and comprehend the unadulterated truth found in Christ. Be that as it may, The Advancement presents a few shortcomings, which might be hard for a peruser to comprehend in regards to the topics inside Bush’s book. Bushâ uses different terms, regularly compatibility, for his created term â€Å"Advancement.† â€Å"Advancement† characterized by Bush depicts a half and half of naturalistic present day thinking, yet Bush doesn't use this term all through the book. In addition, the term utilized in the caption of this book the â€Å"evolutionary age† isn't unmistakably characterized or utilized, which may give a degree of disarray to those new to the term. Shrub insinuates a post-Christian age in which the creationist see held by numerous individuals inside the western world has tumbled to the wayside for the cutting edge perspective on naturalistic development, however he doesn't explicitly utilize the term transformative age. Despite the fact that, this is anything but a logical book Bush doesn't characterize the progression sciences that have driven present day society away from God. A Christian ought to have the option to utilize this book to take part in a regretful discussion on the philosophical grounds of present day naturalism with an evolutionist and have the option to uncover the errors and consequences embodied inside that perspective. In any case, Bush’s work would not be relevant for a logical discussion on the benefits of creationism refrain developmental hypothesis. End The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age presents a significant and sound contention for the Christian perspective when contrasted with the perspective of current naturalism. This book responds to inquiries for those keen on the failings of current naturalism when contrasted with Christianity and annihilations the possibility of man’s inescapable progression inside this perspective. The naturalistic perspective erroneously gauges logical and innovative headways and cases these progressions are advancing for the improvement of mankind. Shrub attacks the thoughts of characteristic philosophy by uncovering the absence of inescapable advancement. Besides, he uncovers the convention Christian perspective on God and the world can be perfect with science. This book would be an incentive for any understudy of rational theology, who is keen on a presentation into the double dealing of a cutting edge naturalistic perspective. Be that as it may, this book doesn't give the detail expected to contend from a logical situation on the benefits of the Christian comprehension of nature and the made world. Book index Bramble, L. Russ. The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group. 2003.

History of Food in Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Food in Mexico - Research Paper Example They are likewise the ones who acquainted chocolates with the Spanish. Locally, north of Mexico is known for arrachera cut, carne asada dishes. The south piece of the nation is known for conchinita pibil. By and large, different vegetables and chicken based dishes (Mexico Adventure, 1999). Spain human advancement in 1521 realized combination of Spanish nourishments, for example, pigs, garlic, dairy items and flavors with the Mexican conventional food. This was later trailed by osmosis of a few different cooking styles like Portuguese, South Americans and French. Moreover, different areas in the nation experience distinctive climatic conditions and are of various ethnicities. These are among the reasons why today Mexican nourishments shift with locales and are an assortment (World-food-and-wine. n.d.). Regardless of the food assortment and impact of Mexican dishes there has been the strength of conventional flavors like oregano, cumin and chill powder. The goal of dinners being restful mutual and appreciated has still stayed flawless. Besides, there are nourishments generally taken during different strict and occasion

Free Essays on Pulp Fiction And Its Religious Thought

what's more, are looting the eatery that they were eating at. This beginnings the film, yet later you understand this parts of the bargains, in the genuine request it would be inside the primary hour. Mash Fiction† has three principle characters Jules, Vincent, and Butch, however there is other auxiliary character. Every one of these characters carries something to the film they are not simply cutout characters. Tarantino makes an unbelievable showing ensuring that every individual has profundity and some feeling of genuineness. There is no place this is increasingly clear then in the improvement of Jules and Vincent. Jules and Vincent are recruited firearms for a horde manager named Marcellus Wiley. Vincent has a bind to Tarantino’s first film â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† in which one of the characters is named Vic Vega. Is this his cousin or sibling remaining in the privately-owned company? The greatest thing with the narrative of Jules and Vincent is that there is broad discourse. They talk a lot and this is very not the same as the picture that is put out in huge amounts of other crowd motion pictures. Another thing that makes it complex is that they don't simply slaughter witho... Free Essays on Pulp Fiction And Its Religious Thought Free Essays on Pulp Fiction And Its Religious Thought Mash Fiction what's more, Religious Thought â€Å"Pulp Fiction† has become the â€Å"Citizen Kane† of this age. It has propelled thought and addressed film making rationale, as we had recently known it. Quentin Tarantino composed and coordinated this film, which has been a faction great since its origination in 1995. Numerous individuals will mention to you what makes Pulp Fiction stunning is it regard for detail, while others may state it is the way the story’s clarified. Quentin Tarantino put in everything about somebody coming out of his film may address, however it is this detail that leaves those scrutinizing. The film begins with a blast as you wind up in a café with a flawless couple as they talk you discover they are not unreasonably dazzling. The before you know it they are utilizing a wide range of revile words and are looting the café that they were eating at. This beginnings the film, yet later you understand this parts of the bargains, in the genuine request it would be inside the principal hour. Mash Fiction† has three fundamental characters Jules, Vincent, and Butch, however there is other auxiliary character. Every one of these characters carries something to the film they are not simply cutout characters. Tarantino makes a stunning showing ensuring that every individual has profundity and some feeling of genuineness. There is no place this is progressively clear then in the improvement of Jules and Vincent. Jules and Vincent are recruited firearms for a crowd manager named Marcellus Wiley. Vincent has a bind to Tarantino’s first film â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† in which one of the characters is named Vic Vega. Is this his cousin or sibling remaining in the privately-run company? The greatest thing with the tale of Jules and Vincent is that there is broad exchange. They talk a lot and this is amazingly not the same as the picture that is put out in huge amounts of other horde films. Another thing that makes it complex is that they don't simply execute witho...

Law Of Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law Of Agency - Essay Example Principals by putting in new requests with Papa Dog. Subsequently, she is by and by at risk for her activities and not her principals. Albeit at first she had opposed with Josh, in regards to the deformity in item K10, later she affirmed request for  £600 without looking for authorization from her principals. This activity has made her at risk under law of criminal tort and carelessness. The following element that should be seen is that under the law of organization, it is unlawful for a specialist to make mystery benefits out of activities emerging out of office business. Regardless of whether she did she would be at risk to uncover the equivalent to the head and act as indicated by their directions. Be that as it may, this was additionally not done, making her a perfect contender for tort, criminal activity under organization laws and fake direct. â€Å"Agents have certain obligations to their principals. This could be regarding playing out the legitimate obligations as typified in pledge and holding fast to â€Å"standards of sensible consideration, abilities and ingenuity understood in all contracts.† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties to Principal, #13). Again specialists have a significant obligation to uncover to the key data accumulated from outside sources with respect to issues pertinent to business â€Å"that is essential to the principals.† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties to Principal, #13). â€Å"The obligation of loyalty† as far as not working in cross purposes or inconvenient to the interests of the chief is additionally consecrated for the operator. .† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties proceeded, #14). Again the obligation of compliance involves that operator would need to respect the legitimate and moral rules offered by the head â€Å"during the exhibition of the agency.† (Chapter 19: Agent Duties proceeded, #14). On account of Alwood v. Clifford (2002) EMCR - 3, the woman, Alwood was anticipating eight youngsters, and she employed the administrations of Clifford, for organizing driving paper to cover the uncommon occasion. Clifford

Computional Fluid Dynamics Through a Pipe Free Essays

List of chapters INTRODUCTION3 Method:3 Part 23 Part 33 Part 44 Part 54 RESULTS4 Part 14 Part 26 Part 36 Part 46 Part 5:6 DISCUSSION7 CONCLUSION7 REFERENCES7 INTRODUCTION The primary goal of this task is to reenact a 3-D wind stream in a channel utilizing Ansys CFX. The funnel was reenacted under explicit conditions. These conditions are air temperature to be 25? C (degrees Celsius), one barometrical reference pressure, no warmth move and laminar stream. We will compose a custom exposition test on Computional Fluid Dynamics Through a Pipe or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The outcomes from the reproduction of laminar stream in the funnel were contrasted and the hypothetical ones. Likewise the work was refined in the reenactment to check whether it is conceivable to get progressively exact outcomes utilizing network combination examination. Technique: The funnel utilized in the reproduction has measurements of a 0. 5m hub length and an outspread breadth of 12mm. The air entering the channel, bay speed, is set to 0. 4 m/s at a temperature of 25? C and one environmental weight. No slip condition was determined to the funnel dividers. The outlet of funnel was set to zero measure normal static weight. In CFX a work was framed on the channel with a default work separating (component size) of 2mm. Figure (1) and (2) shows the arrangement of the model before recreation was preformed Figure 1: Mesh without Inflation Figure 1: Mesh without Inflation Figure 2: Mesh with Inflation Part 2 Calculating the weight drop ? p=fLD? Ub22Equation (1) Calculating Reynolds number Re=UbD/? Condition (2) Friction Factorf=64/ReEquation (3) The outcomes were determined utilizing exceed expectations, and plotted in Figure (3). Section 3 Estimating the passage pipe length Le: Le/D=0. 06ReEquation (4) Having Re=UbD/? Condition (3) The reenacted consequences of speed versus hub length were plotted in Figure (5). From the diagram the Le (entrance pipe length) was dictated by assessing the point in the x-pivot where the bend is straight flat line. Section 4 Comparison of the outspread dissemination of the pivotal speed in the completely evolved locale in the mimicked model against the accompanying explanatory condition: UUmax = 1-rr02 Equation (5) The outcomes were determined utilizing exceed expectations, and plotted in Figure (4). Section 5 The reenactment was performed multiple times, each time with an alternate lattice setting. The quantities of hubs were 121156,215875 and 312647 for the first, second and third recreation. RESULTS Part 1 Figure 3: Pressure Distribution versus Hub Length Figure 3: Pressure Distribution versus Hub Length Figure 4: Axial Velocity versus Outspread Diameter Figure 5: Velocity versus Pivotal Distance Part 2 Having: Dynamic consistency ? = 1. 835ãâ€"10-5 kg/ms and Density ? = 1. 184 kg/m3 Reynolds Number Re=UbD? == 261. 58 Friction Factorf=64Re== 0. 244667 ?p=0. 965691 Pa From the reproduction the weight assessed at the channel is ? p=0. 96562 Pa (0. 95295-0. 965691)/0. 965691*100 = 1. 080 % Part 3 Having Re=UbD? =261. 58 The passageway pipe length Le: Le=0. 06Re*D = 0. 188 m From the chart in Figure (3) the Le is evaluated to be ~ 0. 166667 ((0. 166667-0. 188)/0. 188)*100 = 11. 73% Part 4 From the diagram in Figure 2 the hypothetical speed at the focal point of the funnel is assessed to be 0. 8 m/s. From the reproduction the speed at the focal point of the funnel is assessed to be 0. 660406 m/s. ((0. 688179-0. 8)/0. 8)*100= 13. 98% Part 5: Table 1: Percentage Error for Each Simulation Number of Nodes| Axial Velocity % mistake (%)| Pressure % blunder (%) | 120000 Simulated I| 13. 98| 1. 31| 215000 Simulated II| 12. 42| 2. 24| 312000 Simulated III| 12. 38| 2. 28| Figure 6: Percentage Error versus Number of Nodes Figure 6: Percentage Error versus Number of Nodes The rate blunder for the hub speed results from the first, second and third reproduction were determined and plotted in Figure (6), just as the weight result along the funnel. Table (1) shows the pivotal speed and weight rate mistake for every recreation. Conversation After the recreation was effectively done on Ansys CFX and the mimicked outcomes were contrasted and hypothetical outcomes, it was discovered that the reenacted outcomes have slight deviation from hypothetical ones. In PART 2, he pressure in the reproduced outcome contrasted by the hypothetical by a 1. 080%, for first reproduction. In PART 3, the mimicked outcomes for entrance pipe length, Le, contrasted from the hypothetical outcomes by 11. 73%. In PART 4, Figure (4), the recreated speed bend is less precise than that of the hypothetical. In PART 5, coinciding refinements and swelling were done to the reenactment so as t o improving outcomes. Figures (6) appear with more hubs and expansion the precision of the outcomes increments. Expanding the hubs step by step was seen as a favorable position where higher or progressively precise outcomes were gotten. This is noted in lattice combination chart, Figure (6), as the quantity of hubs increment the weight rate mistake is uniting to 2% while for speed rate blunder is merging to 12%. Then again, the rate mistake expanded with the expansion of the quantity of hubs while the speed blunder diminished with the expansion of number of hubs. In Part 2 the rate blunder for pressure drop is 1. 080%, for first reenactment. In any case, when attempting to build the exactness of the mimicked speed result by refining the lattice and including hubs the weight drop rate blunder increments, as appeared in figure (6). This is because of that Darcy-Weisbach condition, condition (1), accept consistent created stream up and down the funnel where in the reproduced outcomes the stream is seen to become created father down the channel from the delta. This is expected to change the weight circulation along the funnel. End More hubs utilized in lattice will deliver progressively exact and exact outcomes, as appeared in Figure (6). Likewise the lattice plays an imperative principle on the affectability of results as far as the exactness of these outcomes. REFERENCES [1]Fluid Mechanics Frank M. White Sixth version. 2006 The most effective method to refer to Computional Fluid Dynamics Through a Pipe, Essay models

Remembering Sipa Alumna Anita Datar COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Remembering Sipa Alumna Anita Datar COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog On November 20, 2015, a terrorist group with ties to Al Qaeda attacked the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, Mali. Twenty-one people were killed in the attack â€" among them alumna Anita Datar MPA ’03, Mailman ’03. In Mali, Anita had returned to a part of the world that meant so much to her. She lost her life doing what she loved â€" helping others while serving as the senior director for field programs for the Palladium organization on a USAID-funded project focused on improving reproductive health in developing countries. Anita dedicated her life to helping others by strengthening the public health infrastructure intake in the developing world, particularly in the areas of HIV/AIDS and women and children’s health. It is in this spirit that Anita’s alma mater, Columbia University, has established the Anita Datar Fellowship Fund, which will be used to provide fellowships for students in the dual-degree program serving the School of International and Public Affairs and the Mailman School of Public Health. Please follow this link to make a gift in memory of Anita and help continue her legacy through the next generation of students dedicated to making the world a better place. Donate now Read more:  We say goodbye to SIPA alumna Anita Datar

How Future College Applicants Will Select Schools

In a recent article published by The Atlantic, a paradigm-shifting study was released based on The Economists new rankings that discuss how future college students will choose the best school for them. The study suggests rejecting the time-honored tradition of using prestige as the determining factor as to the superiority of a school, and proposes instead opting for a more practical outlook of how much the school costs and what kind of wage projection could be expected after leaving the school (in other words, ROI). With mounting student loans to pay off, this may be a more constructive criterion to follow than reputation. The results of the study were surprising. Many high prestige universities such as Yale and Princeton were ranked at the bottom of the list, having displayed a significantly lower income than the projections showed. Here are the top ten schools according to The Economists new college rankings: As with all rankings, this research is not definitive, however, and the study’s authors identified the limits of the methodology. Researchers admit that ten years is a short amount of time to project overall income value for a given school, more so considering graduate school attendance during this period of time. The dataset was also limited to students who applied for federal financial aid, effectively excluding the wealthiest students in the school and their salaries from the average. Regardless of the specific school rankings and placements, the concept is an important one. Many thought-leaders are shifting their priorities from a status-driven mentality to a performance- or value-based school of thought. With economic winds constantly shifting and tuition costs climbing ever-higher, this could be a revolution in the way continued education is viewed and schools are chosen by the population at large. Related Resources: †¢ 2016 Top Colleges In The U.S. †¢ Money’s 2015-2016 Top 25 Best Value Colleges In The U.S. †¢Ã‚  Colleges Use Rejections to Raise Rankings

The Divine Command Theory Of Morality Essay - 1946 Words

When reflecting on the diversity of the world and the people that surround us it’s difficult to understand how we all compromise with one another. Everyone desires different things in life, for some its happiness and shiny objects, for others its Gods approval and moral intuition. Those that aim towards happiness are said to be a part of theories of the good, were as those that are more in tuned to the subject of God or gods and morality are regarded as theories of morality. With this in mind, we will be shifting our focus on theories of morality, specifically relating to the divine command theory. In concerns to this theory there is a division that one must choose between deep moral convictions and Gods absolute moral authority. Throughout, this intellectual argument concerning the divine command theory; I will be arguing that this is in fact a plausible moral theory, based off an answer that many religious individuals take on and that is God’s role inbeing superior ov er all. The divine command theory states, if God commands you to do A, then it is your moral obligation to do A. In other words, what makes an action wrong depends on God’s authority to not do it and right based on the command that he said too, there is no other reason but that. We as humans are not like God, and therefore has formed an answer to things that have happen and the morality that has been inclined in society. This ultimately links the idea of religion and morality through religious belief and itsShow MoreRelatedDivine Command Theory : Morality And Moral Obligations1486 Words   |  6 Pagesframework, Divine Command Theory is the view that morality is dependent upon God, and that moral obligation depends on God’s commands. Therefore, Divine Command Theory claims that morality is ultimately based on the commands or character of God, and that the morally right action is the one that God command. 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Things Fall Apart-Notion of Balance Analysis - 1633 Words

Notion of Balance in Things Fall Apart The notion of balance in Achebes novel is an important theme throughout the book. Beginning with the excerpt from Yeatss poem, The Second Coming, the concept of balance is stressed as important, for without balance, order is lost. In the novel, there are many systems of balance which the Ibo culture seems to depend upon. It is when these systems are upset that things fall apart. Okonkwo, the Ibo religion, and ultimately, the Ibos autonomy were brought to their demise by an extreme imbalance between their male and female aspects. These male and female aspects can be generally be described as the external, physical strength of the male; and the internal, passive, and nurturing strength of the†¦show more content†¦This acceptance of all embodies what a leader of the people of Okonkwos mother said about the nature of the mother: that she is where one goes when he is in trouble and needs comfort, and that she can always be depended upon to give her unconditional acceptance. Thes e ideas filled a gap for many tribesmen that the Ibo religion couldnt fill, since it was so unbalanced toward the male. The Ibo religion thereafter grew less powerful, and the tribesmens attempts to reverse this by killing and burning only made things worse. The Ibo Tribes Demise Some of the wise elders said that Umuofia was getting weaker because the tribes were ceasing to intermix the way they once had, and instead were in competition with each other. 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This biblical story creates a patriarchal heritage and further puts women at the devastation of humanity (Mellor, 2003). Other biblical stories in Genesis 1 of Christian writing also view nature as destructive and

Jerry Coyne s Why Evolution Is True - 3477 Words

Jerry Coyne’s Why Evolution Is True? Sainte Leo University Mallory Ansel Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the theory of evolution and the concepts applied throughout the chapters of Jerry A. Coyne’s, Why Evolution is True. In each section, I will summarize the chapter, explain what the contents of that chapter mean to me, and explain how I apply them to my belief system. You may notice throughout the paper I switch between support of evolution and support of creationism; and this is because it is truly how I stand on the subject. Jerry Coyne’s Why Evolution Is True? Evolution is the process by which all species have gradually developed from a singular common ancestor. The evolutionary theory has developed over time; it states that all species (mammals, insects, birds and reptiles alike) all originated from a single celled organism that existed roughly 3.8 billion years ago. The scientific use of the word â€Å"theory† proclaims something that is as solidly established as any scientific fact. When using the word theory scientifically, it is defined as an idea that has evidence and fact to back the truth of the assumption. In science, a theory is only true as long as there is no evidence to disprove it s conclusions. As it is known today, evolution is a theory that explains the diversities, yet similarities between all species that have ever walked the Earth. My Personal Beliefs Before This Course Coming into Your Inner Fish, I was uneasy but excited. IShow MoreRelatedWhy Evolution Is True?1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is Evolution True Essay - Final Over the past few centuries, humans have been questioning and debating over what makes evolution true. In Jerry Coyne’s work, Why Evolution is True, he noted two kinds of evidence from Darwin’s theory of evolution. 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Electronic Health Records Free Essays

In this paper this student will discuss the national mandate of electronic health records (EHR), and how this mandate is being implemented at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Also discussed are how Cleveland Clinic is progressing to achieve EHR, and what challenges this brings to patient confidentiality and self-determination. Lastly this student will provide information on the benefits of EHR in healthcare. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Health Records or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Gunter Terry (2005), â€Å"The electronic health record (EHR) is an evolving concept defined as a longitudinal collection of electronic health information about individual patients and populations. Primarily, it will be a mechanism for integrating health care information currently collected in both paper and electronic medical records (EMR) for the purpose of improving quality of care†. (p. 1). Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), and the American Health Information Community (AHIC) were created to oversee the EHR mandate that was set in place by President George Bush in 2004 (Simborg, 2008, p. 127) This goal has now transitioned to our current President, Barack Obama, who also is setting the goal for the year 2014. Electronic health records are set to take place of traditional paper records with the help of this initiative. The ability to have every healthcare organization operating with electronic health records serves numerous benefits for not only patients but healthcare providers. Some of the benefits include, additional patient safety, ability to communicate and collaborate with other healthcare providers, and the longevity of electronic health records. Patient safety is at the utmost importance to healthcare providers, and EHR enables providers to have an in-depth history of their patients, leading to better care and treatment. Due to patients receiving care from many different health care providers, this can act as a barrier when trying to maintain a collaborative process. By adopting EHR this enables all providers to participate in the care of the patient. When discussing the longevity EHR serves in our society Tang, Ash, Bates, Overhage, Sands (2006), states â€Å"The 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster exposed the fragility of America’s health information infrastructure. When confronted by a hurricane, an avian flu pandemic, or a bioterrorism attack, the public needs to be able to depend on reliable access to their health information† (p. 27). If healthcare corporations adopt EHR, there will be no threat of patient medical records disappearing. After stating the goals of EHR, and the benefits it serves, this student will now discuss how EHR is being utilized at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. One could say that the Cleveland Clinic were innovators in EHR, being one of the first institutions to adopt EHR more than eleven years ago. According to Cleveland Clinic (2012), EHR is â€Å"enabling physicians to actively collaborate and exchange information to ensure appropriate coordination of care throughout a patient’s life†. MyChart has also been a large milestone in development as part of Cleveland Clinics adoption of EHR. MyChart gives patients access to medical records, test results, and physician notes through a portal on the internet that can be accessed at home online. â€Å"MyChart, Cleveland Clinic’s secure, online patient-centered recording tool, connects patients to personalized health information at any time† (Cleveland Clinic, 2010). One benefit MyChart gives to patients is the ability for them to participate in decisions and their care. While analyzing Cleveland Clinics utilization and plans for EHR, this student was able to evaluate strengths and weaknesses. Some strengths of the Cleveland Clinics plans for EHR include their development and growth of the EHR system, the innovation developed into the current plan, and the ability to incorporate patients into their healthcare. Being that Cleveland Clinic was one of the first institutions to start the process of adopting EHR, they in return have the biggest ability to grow, and develop their system. Cleveland Clinic has shown such innovation in their process that other institutions have sought help from them for development of their own system. In an article by the Plain Dealer (Kleinerman, 2013) the chief information officer at Glens Falls Hospital, Joan McFaul stated â€Å"Our relationship with Cleveland Clinic will advance information technology best practices at GFH, and we will benefit by having access to a broad base of knowledge and the expertise of one of the country’s premier health systems†. When Cleveland Clinic developed MyChart, this plays a role in the patient self-determination act, being that the patients constantly have the ability to be informed about their healthcare, and to take part in any decision making. A weakness of the EHR system in place at the Cleveland Clinic includes the risk of confidentiality. Even though the ability to access health records online has numerous benefits, the ability that such records could become hacked always poses a risk. The health records are protected by a username and password through the Cleveland Clinic website. With all of the technological advances it seems as though it is becoming easier and easier for unknown people to access personal information. This student believes that more precautions should be taken when a patient’s confidentiality is at risk. This student also believes more information should be needed to access health records online, instead of just a username and password that provides little security. After reviewing the EHR mandate, and the benefits it serves to healthcare institutions, this student believes that if more institutions adopted this system it would ultimately give better patient care. Also after further research into Cleveland Clinics development of EHR, this student feels the growth of this system in endless. While there are some flaws to this system, with time EHR at Cleveland Clinic could ultimately become one of the nation’s leaders that other institutions wish to learn from. How to cite Electronic Health Records, Papers

Social Work Practice with People with Disabilities free essay sample

The way a society responds to disability is influenced by its perceptions about causes of disability, the threats that it perceives to be related to the disability, and the amount and kinds of resources that are available to deal with the disability. People of ancient times believe that any sickness indicated the displeasure of the gods. Those with mental disorders were viewed as being either divine or demonic, depending on the behavior. Individuals seen as divine were worshipped and adored; those seen as demonic were ostracized, punished and sometimes burned at the stake. Later, Aristotle attempted to relate mental disorders to physical disorders and developed his theory that the amounts of blood, water and yellow and black bile in the body controlled the emotions. These four substances, or humors, corresponded with happiness, calmness, anger and sadness. Imbalances of the four humors were believed to cause mental disorders, so treatment was aimed at restoring balance through bloodletting, starving, and purging. In early Christian times, primitive beliefs and superstitions were strong. All diseases were again blamed on demons, and the mentally ill were viewed as possessed. Priest performed exorcisms to rid evil spirits. When that failed, they used more severe and brutal measures, such as incarcerations in dungeons, flogging and starving. . When society was seen as the cause, there was increased pressure for society to provide solutions. Services for people with disabilities have been afforded first to soldiers injured in war because societal responsibility was clear. The United States has the most comprehensive system of assistance for veterans of any nation in the world. This benefits system traces its roots back to 1636, when the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony were at war with the Pequot Indians. The Pilgrims passed a law which stated that disabled soldiers would be supported by the colony. The Continental Congress of 1776 encouraged enlistments during the Revolutionary War by providing pensions for soldiers who were disabled. Direct medical and hospital care given to veterans in the early days of the Republic was provided by the individual States and communities. In 1811, the first domiciliary and medical facility for veterans was authorized by the Federal Government. In the 19th century, the Nations veteran’s assistance program was expanded to include benefits and pensions not only for veterans, but also their widows and dependents. Society also responds differently to specific impairments based on perceived cause. People with mental retardation or congenital disorders are not usually faulted for their disorder therefore willingness from the public to provide services are relatively high. Mental illness or chemical dependency, which is still perceived by many as a character flaw, receives less public attention and support even though these cases far exceed the number of mental retardation cases. The potential threat of a disability can also greatly influence societal response. For example let’s compare the polio scare of the 1940’s early 50’s with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The cause of Polio is consider â€Å"guilt free† but has a substantial threat. The response from volunteers and the government to eradicate this disease was significant. The March of Dimes was also born in efforts to destroy the disease. In contrast, those who were deemed â€Å"responsible for† the spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS were seen as the only ones threaten. The general public response was low. However, when the extent of the threat was realized, efforts at preventions and intervention were intensified. In my experience I have witness how the perceive cause or the perceive notion in regards to a person who is disabled effects the services they may received. I have been guilty of casting judgment myself. Working for a law firm which specializes only in helping individuals received Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI), I have heard lawyers speak about clients who are poorly educated, disabled due to chemical dependency and/or have a low income. They tend to frown upon the case and do not put full effort into helping the individual and the clerks are guilty of the same. Additionally, the Social Security Administration does not often award those who have a disability due a chemical dependency. I have found myself looking over case files and stereotyping the client based on the information given before I have interviewed the individual. I have also prioritized my case load based on a person status versus the seriousness of the disability. I have found that my preconceptions were wrong and that I need a moment of introspection so that I can provide the best and the same level of service for everyone. Social Workers and People with Disabilities Social workers will encounter people with disabilities in all aspects of their lives. Social workers should not assume that a client with disability is seeking services in relation to the disability. Some service systems however, are designed to address issues specific to disability and social workers can find active roles within these systems of service. Five major areas of legislation address disability issues specifically. These include workers compensation, rehabilitation, Social Security, education and civil rights. Additionally, as mention earlier a distinct service system exists to serve veterans with disabilities. I am going to focus on two of the areas which are Social Security and Veteran Affairs. The Social Security Act provides income and medical insurances for people with disabilities through the SSI and SSDI programs. The SSI program is financed through general revenues from taxes, meaning benefits are not based on your prior work history. In most states, beneficiaries will automatically be eligible for Medicaid. SSI benefits are payable to individuals age 65 or older, adults who are disabled or blind and children who are disabled or blind. To be eligible the individual must have limited income and resources, meet the living arrangement requirements, a U. S. citizen or national, or in one of certain categories of aliens. The monthly payment varies up to the maximum federal benefit rate, which may be supplemented by the state. The SSDI program is financed with Social Security taxes paid by workers, employers, and self-employed persons. The worker will get Medicare coverage automatically after receiving disability benefits for two years. To be eligible for a Social Security benefit, the worker must earn sufficient credits based on taxable work to be insured for Social Security purposes. Disability benefits are payable to blind or disabled workers, their children, widows and adults disabled since childhood. The amount of the monthly disability benefit is based on the Social Security earnings record of the insured worker. Special work incentive programs are available through SSI and SSDI to help individuals with disabilities make the transition from SSI supports to employment. The Department of Veterans Affairs has programs to assist soldiers who have become disabled while on active duty. Two specific programs are the VA Disability Compensation and Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment VetSuccess Program. The disability compensation is a benefit paid to a veteran because of injuries or diseases that happened while on active duty, or were made worse by active military service. It is also paid to certain veterans disabled from VA health care. The benefits are tax-free. Soldiers may be eligible for disability compensation if they have a service-related disability and were discharged under other than dishonorable conditions. The VetSuccess program assists Veterans with service-connected disabilities to prepare for, find, and keep suitable jobs. For Veterans with service-connected disabilities so severe that they cannot immediately consider work, VetSuccess offers services to improve their ability to live as independently as possible. Social workers are often employed by both the VA and SSA to assist people in accessing these services. My baby sister is a veteran who is disabled. She fought in the second Gulf war and returned home suffering from PTSD and grand mal seizures. I asked her what are her thoughts on the care that she receives from the VA and her response was â€Å"The health care has been above average. I can have my needs met under my VA insurance in a far timelier manner and is more cost efficient then if I didn’t have it†. I asked is it safe to assume that she is satisfied with the VA? Her response â€Å"With the medical care yes but not the availability of information. Getting the information on benefits and the counselor I was promised to help with paperwork and re entering a civilian life I did not receive by any means. My papers were not updated and I usually have to request help when I’m suppose to have someone keeping track of me†. No matter what area of services as a social worker or a social change agent we may enter into, it is important remember the purpose which is to improve the quality of life for all individuals. The Ecosystems Model and People with Disability The ecosystem model provides an opportunity to understand and have a broader view of disability. It helps to understand the history of discrimination against people with disabilities, the structural impact of government policies, the cultural assumptions about what people can and cannot do, and the impact of disability on the family, as well as the individual mental and physical specifics of the disorder. All of these pieces play a role in determining both problems and solutions. A social workers success will depend on the social workers understanding of the impact at all levels.

Substance Abuse and Survival Prostitution

Question: Discuss about the Substance Abuse and Survival Prostitution. Answer: The issue of prostitution has led to an increasing debate that involves various contradictory concerns, ethics and interests. The clear acts of prostitution that is street soliciting is a major concern in most Canadian states[1]. The actions have converted particular cities into crowded, nasty, havens for usage of illegal drugs and violent crimes. The government has faced difficulties in tackling the problem of prostitution[2]. This problem poses hard queries to government: which authority should be responsible in handling prostitution, and what measures should be enacted? In addition, what extent should the government go in enacting its authority to control the problem of prostitution? This paper is a discussion of the effect of prostitution in Canada and how the problem should be solved. Scholars argue that controlling and monitoring the greatest publicly and unpleasant acts of the oldest profession will shift the problem to another area; that the arising harmful impacts of prostitution derives less from its intrinsic abilities than from our uncertain conduct and approach towards it. The definition of prostitution is not clearly explained in the criminal act, but the case law has explained several major aspects of the acts- the provision of sexual services, the malicious aspect of the act, and the need of some aspect of monetary benefits. It has never been criminally illegal in Canada to engage in sexual favours for satisfaction (between grownups). However, the criminal law does not support acts associated with prostitution which is a big problem to public order or offensive to public civility. In 1892, prostitution was first included into Canadas criminal code and it remained unaffected until 1972, where guidelines were put in place about the acts of a prostitute lo oking for clients as an aspect of vagrancy. Section 175(1) (c) stated that every woman being a common prostitute or night walker is found in a public area should account of herself[3]. This segment was used for the purpose of preventing street solicitation. However, this limited the act as it targeted the women on the aspect of prestige and not for any malicious activities, as the basis of conviction. In addition, the rule is in conflict with the common law which prohibits self-implication. This contributes to inconsistency with the ideologies of the Canadian Bill of Rights. Due to this condemnations by the research provided by the Royal Commission and the judiciary on the status of the ladies, the vag c guidelines were scrapped off in 1972 and substituted by section 195.1, which stated that every person who engages in solicitation with any individual in a public place was to be charged and convicted. The purpose of this law was to discipline only the malicious act of prostitution a lthough the term prostitution was not clearly explained.[4] This law was intended to object the vag c segment and to handle the common annoying act of prostitution. However, it did not require an individual to give an explanation of his or her movements, and applied to both women and men. This vagrancy laws had a negative effect on prostitutes because they criminalized all the aspects of street solicitation, the involvement of prostitution in a brothel, and prohibited individual from depending on prostitution as a source of income. [5]These particular laws no longer control the acts associated to prostitution but their continued implications continue to impact prostitutes. Bedford v. Canada challenged this particular law as it limits the sex workers by hindering them from negotiating a price in a public area, therefore leading them into unsecure locations where they could be mistreated; hindering sex workers from creating a secure workplace. For instance, hire a bodyguard as he/she could be depending on the income from prostitution. Moreover, due to the fact that these criminal codes limits the establishment of a social support network, including having a family, this laws force women to work in unsecure locations and could lead to increased mistreatment as crimes aga inst sex workers would unnoticed resulting from fear of dual-criminalization. These codes contribute to continuous mistreatment of sex workers in two major ways; through physical violence and health issues. In 2013, Bedford vs. Canada were ruled in by the Supreme Court, and discovered that the existing guidelines controlling prostitution to be unlawful and gave parliament a 12 months suspended declaration of invalidity. [6] The validity of the requirements of the criminal law would remain to be for a period of 12 months, giving the legislature time to create new laws following the decision of the criminal court. This was a great victory for feminists, however, the declaration of invalidity still brought much concerns in terms of tackling the problem to do with health risks and physical injuries experienced by sex workers. [7]According to Perrin, as a result of the recent restrictions in place, sex workers experience some of the greatest health risks in Canada. Including an increased level of drug related crimes, distresses, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex workers also face the highest death rates in Canada as compared to other victims of murder. Connelly concurs wi th Perrins assertions of sex workers death rates. [8]Connelly highlights that the previous criminal law restrictions concerning prostitution merely contributed to the numerous murders that were carried out by Robert Pickton, but Connelly also argues that the Pickton must be viewed through a moral aspect. Netherlands is among those countries that have successfully legalized and controlled prostitution. Dutch prostitution rules were developed to control public order, cub crimes and prohibit illegal immigration.[9] The governments mission was to control voluntary prostitution and to combat involuntary prostitution and other crime related activities. For it to do so, it provided licenses to regulate trades such as bawdy houses and brothels. These licenses lead business holders to ensure a safe and healthy conditions for sex workers in their workplace, as well as following the guidelines stated by the government that is the sex worker has to be a citizen of Holland and attained the age of eighteen. The Dutch government states these provisions have nearly prevented unlicensed and illegal activities. Moreover, the legalization has contributed to healthy physical working environments of prostitutes, whereby the prostitutes must have protected sex, and receive full insured health benefits fro m the government, hence enhancing their safety and health. However, though these laws have improved the lives of prostitutes, there are certain shortcomings that have emerged. For instance, the control of sex trade has led to an increase in escort services, which are challenging to control. [10]Jensen highlights that the laws enacted have not given the prostitutes the essential support they deserve to facilitate and exercise their freedom that is the right to form unions, thereby leading to their discrimination. It is important to be aware that in the Netherlands, the control of the sex business is still a quite recent phenomenon. It will take several years before the rules can be fully effective, although efforts have been made to protect prostitutes. Nevada, United States of America, is a local area that has accepted prostitution. It is the only state in the United States to do so, Nevada was prompted to legalize prostitution for monetary reasons associated to tourism. It is significant to be aware that Nevada only monitors the usage of bawdyhouses and brothels, while still restricting all aspects of street solicitation. [11]The guidelines state that prostitutes must receive random health examination for HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, as well as necessitate the client to wear protection. Brothels are also controlled through permits issued by the state districts, which have strict rules that brothels cannot be operated by an individual who has committed a felony or is involved in illegal activities. In addition, prostitutes are employed as independent and must have attained the age of eighteen or twenty-one, depending on the guidelines stated by the specific county. However, these rules have focused in enhancing the h ealth and safety of prostitutes thereby have failed to control street prostitution forcing women to negotiate with customers in private locations, where they are more susceptible to mistreatment and attacks. The Canadian government should follow the guidelines outlined by the New Zealand government as it is one most successful nations to control and monitor prostitution. In comparison to Netherlands and Nevada, New Zealand does not use difficult measures of government control, but it has settled for the decriminalization strategy. [12]Decriminalization has been discovered as more correct approach in regulating sex trade. Before the enactment of this guidelines, the New Zealand government target was to handle issues affecting sex workers such as: reducing mistreatment, improving labour rights and empowering of women, reducing criminal activities related with prostitution, reducing the number of illegal immigrants in the sex business, and decreasing the level of sex trafficking business. Consequently, New Zealand government has had enormous success in controlling the sex business. Similar to Nevada, New Zealand needs brothels to improve the welfare of their workers and their workstation. A part from this, instead of the guidelines being controlled through a criminal law, it is controlled through provincial labour control; safety healthy, and occupational codes. Further to what Nevada has done, prostitutes in Nevada have a right to decline any client, and if a client were to get involved in unprotected sex, they could be arrested. [13]The Canadian government should manage brothels through the issuing of licenses and permits that enable the government to control and monitor the sex business. In addition, the brothels should be frequently inspected to ensure the health standards are met. Also, the police should frequently ensure the safety of the staff and the managers in the bawdy houses, and the prostitutes are protected. Moreover, the Canadian government should establish an organization that will include; government officials, prostitute representatives, and individuals of several private organizations. [14]The role of this organization is to analyze and review the ef fect of the implemented guidelines and make approvals to establish new codes and legislations which will improve the livelihood of prostitutes in Canada. To conclude, the Canadian government should pass a bill that protects the sex workers and maintains prostitution to be legal. However, it should be illegal to advertise for sexual services or pay for it. The bill should also incriminate the activities of pimps and johns and hinder prostitution in locations where children could be present. This includes; areas near day cares and schools. References Bayliss, Amanda Katherine. "Substance abuse and survival prostitution: co-occurrence and interaction of risk factors." PhD diss., Saint Marys University, 2016. Bruckert, Chris, and Stacey Hannem. "Rethinking the prostitution debates: Transcending structural stigma in systemic responses to sex work." Canadian Journal of Law and Society 28, no. 1 (2013): 43-63. Cao, Liqun, Ruibin Lu, and Xiaohan Mei. "Acceptance of prostitution and its social determinants in Canada." International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology (2015): Chiang, Anita. "'Victim','Deviant', or'Worker'but Nothing in Between: Revisiting Prostitution Discourse in Bedford v. Canada." PhD diss., Arts Social Sciences: School of Criminology, 2015. Connelly, Laura, and Teela Sanders. "Prostitution/Sex Work." The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (2015). Krsi, Andrea, Katrina Pacey, Lorna Bird, Chrissy Taylor, Jill Chettiar, Sarah Allan, Darcie Bennett, J. S. Montaner, Thomas Kerr, and Kate Shannon. "Criminalisation of clients: reproducing vulnerabilities for violence and poor health among street-based sex workers in Canadaa qualitative study." BMJ open 4, no. 6 (2014): e005191. Jensen, Jannaya. "" The Master Problem of the Age": Print Culture and the Sex Trade in Canada, 1880-1920." Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management 10, no. 1 (2014). Lister, Billie. "Prostitution Policy in the Nordic Region: Ambiguous Sympathies. By May-Len Skilbrei and Charlotta Holmstrom (Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2013, 184pp., Hardback, 60: 00 GBP) Leaving Prostitution: Getting Out and Staying Out of Sex Work. By Sharon S. Oselin (NYU Press, 2014, 218pp., Paperback, $25 USD) Selling Sex: Experience, Advocacy and Research on Sex Work in Canada. By Emily van der Meulen, Elya M. Durisn and Victoria Love (UBC Press, 2013, 364pp., Hardback, $95.00 CAD)." (2015): azv042. Lyons, Tara, Andrea Krsi, Leslie Pierre, Thomas Kerr, Will Small, and Kate Shannon. "Negotiating violence in the context of transphobia and criminalization: the experiences of trans sex workers in Vancouver, Canada." Qualitative health research 27, no. 2 (2017): 182-190. Perrin, Benjamin. "How to Make Canada's New Prostitution Laws Work." (2014). Perrin, Benjamin. "Oldest Profession or Oldest Oppression?: Addressing Prostitution after the Supreme Court of Canada Decision in Canada v. Bedford." (2014). Rotenberg, Cristine. "Prostitution offences in Canada: Statistical trends." Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (2016): 1. Urback, Robyn. "Peter MacKay hopes Bill C-?36 will eliminate prostitution in Canada. Good luck with that." The National Post (2014). Van der Meulen, Emily, Elya M. Durisin, and Victoria Love. Selling sex: Experience, advocacy, and research on sex work in Canada. UBC Press, 2013.

The Civil War Essays - Union, Medal Of Honor, Free Essays

The Civil War Essays - Union, Medal Of Honor, Free Essays The Civil War For minorities, as for other Americans, the Civil War was an opportunity to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the first mustered into the Union Army were a De Kalb regiment of German American clerks, the Garibakdi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a "Polish Legion," and hundreds of Irish American youths form Boston and New York. But in Ohio and Washington, D.C., African American volunteers were turned away from recruiting stations and told, "This is a white man's war." Some citizens questioned the loyalty of immigrants who lived in crowded city tenements until an Italian American from Brooklyn turned that around. In the New York Senate, Democrat Francis Spinola had been a vigorous foe of Republican policies and Lincoln. But now he swore his loyalty with stirring words, "This is my flag, which I will follow and defend." This speech gave great assurance that the masses in the great cities were devoted to the Union and ready to enlist for its defense. More than 400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union, including more than 170,00 Germans and more than 150,00 Irish. Many saw their services as a proud sacrifice. The first officer to die for the Union was Captain Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlier had fought for freedom in Europe and then joined Lincoln's army. Born in Upper Silesia and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran of democratic struggles - a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legion's battles against Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Some nationalities contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. Italian American officer Louis di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. At Aldie, Virginia, in 1863, he earned the Medal of Honor and was appointed a general. He charged unarmed at the foe, read his citation, "rallied his men ...until desperately wounded and taken prisoner in action." In 1879 Cesnola became director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum then became, wrote a critic, "a monument to his energy, enterprise, and rare executive skill." Italian American privates also won the Medal of Honor. Joseph Sova of the 8th Cavalry earned it for capturing the Confederate flag at Appomattox. Private Orlando Caruana of the 51st Infantry won it at Newburn, North Carolina. With bullets whizzing past him, he saved wounded men and rescued the U.S. flag. As 1865 came on, the feel of victory was in the Northern air. And so the Civil War was over. Yet even the ending of the war did not bring real peace. On Good Friday, April 14, 11 days after Union troops had entered Richmond, an actor named John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln as the President watched a play from his box in Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C. The one man who might have brought about a just peace was dead. The Civil War had solved some old problems for the United States. But it created some new problems as well. But many of the problems created by the Civil War have been solved. Towns have been rebuilt, new industries flourish, and new schools have been erected. Most of the damage of war has been long repaired. North and South both enjoy prosperity. But many of the human problems still remain.

Definition of Reliability in Research

Definition of Reliability in Research Reliability is the degree to which a measurement instrument gives the same results each time that it is used, assuming that the underlying thing being measured does not change. Key Takeaways: Reliability If a measurement instrument provides similar results each time it is used (assuming that whatever is being measured stays the same over time), it is said to have high reliability.Good measurement instruments should have both high reliability and high accuracy.Four methods sociologists can use to assess reliability are the test-retest procedure, the alternate forms procedure, the split-halves procedure, and the internal consistency procedure. An Example Imagine that you’re trying to assess the reliability of a thermometer in your home. If the temperature in a room stays the same, a reliable thermometer will always give the same reading. A thermometer that lacks reliability would change even when the temperature does not. Note, however, that the thermometer does not have to be accurate in order to be reliable. It might always register three degrees too high, for example. Its degree of reliability has to do instead with the predictability of its relationship with whatever is being tested. Methods to Assess Reliability In order to assess reliability, the thing being measured must  be measured more than once. For example, if you wanted to measure the length of a sofa to make sure it would fit through a door, you might measure it twice. If you get an identical measurement twice, you can be confident you measured reliably. There are four procedures for assessing the reliability of a test. (Here, the term test refers to a group of statements on a questionnaire, an observers quantitative or qualitative  evaluation, or a combination of the two.) The Test-Retest Procedure Here, the same test is given two or more times. For example, you might create a questionnaire with a set of ten statements to assess confidence. These ten statements are then given to a subject twice at two different times. If the respondent gives similar answers both times, you can assume the questions assessed the subjects answers reliably. One advantage of this method is that only one test needs to be developed for this procedure. However, there are a few downsides of the test-retest procedure. Events might occur between testing times that affect the respondents answers; answers might change over time simply because people change and grow over time; and the subject might adjust to the test the second time around, think more deeply about the questions, and reevaluate their answers. For instance, in the example above, some respondents might have become more confident between the first and second testing session, which would make it more difficult to interpret the results of the test-retest procedure. The Alternate Forms Procedure In the alternate forms procedure (also called parallel forms reliability), two tests are given. For example, you might create two sets of five statements measuring confidence. Subjects would be asked to take each of the five-statement questionnaires. If the person gives similar answers for both tests, you can assume you measured the concept reliably. One advantage is that cueing will be less of a factor because the two tests are different. However, its important to ensure that both alternate versions of the test are indeed measuring the same thing. The Split-Halves Procedure In this procedure, a single test is given once. A grade is assigned to each half separately and grades are compared from each half. For example, you might have one set of ten statements on a questionnaire to assess confidence. Respondents take the test and the questions are then split into two sub-tests of five items each. If the score on the first half mirrors the score on the second half, you can presume that the test measured the concept reliably. On the plus side, history, maturation, and cueing arent at play. However, scores can vary greatly depending on the way in which the test is divided into halves. The Internal Consistency Procedure Here, the same test is administered once, and the score is based upon average similarity of responses. For example, in a ten-statement questionnaire to measure confidence, each response can be seen as a one-statement sub-test. The similarity in responses to each of the ten statements is used to assess reliability. If the respondent doesnt answer all ten statements in a similar way, then one can assume that the test is not reliable. One way that researchers can assess internal consistency is by using statistical software to calculate Cronbach’s alpha. With the internal consistency procedure, history, maturation, and cueing arent a consideration. However, the number of statements in the test can affect the assessment of reliability when assessing it internally.

A Critical Assessment of Martin Wights Why Is There No International Essay

A Critical Assessment of Martin Wights Why Is There No International Theory - Essay Example Wight claims that this paucity is compounded by â€Å"intellectual and moral poverty†¦[due to] the intellectual prejudice imposed by the sovereign State, and the belief in progress† (1960/2000, p. 30). He argues that there is no body of knowledge in international theory, understood as â€Å"speculation about the society of states, or the family of nations, or the international community† (Wight, 2000, 28), to match the successes of political theory, understood as â€Å"speculation about the state† (Wight, 2000, p. 27). The â€Å"theory of the good life† (Wight, 2000, p. 39), political theory’s central concern, was deemed incompatible with the study of international relations (IR), since the latter is understood to be primarily engaged with survival. In this essay, we shall evaluate Wight’s criticism of international theory and shall attempt to show his damaging claim failed to take into account the changes in the international which were already evident at the time. For conceptual clarity, we henceforth use international theory and IR theory interchangeably. The sources of international theory which Wight identifies form an eclectic mix of international law (Grotius and Prufendorf), writings of â€Å"irenists† such as Erasmus and Sully, Machiavellian elements, the â€Å"parerga† of political theorists, philosophers and historians (Hume, Rousseau, and Burke), and the speeches, despatches and other documents of statesmen of old, like Gentz and Bismarck (Wight, 2000, pp. 28-30). To reiterate the paucity of IR theory, he maintains that most of these works remain penetrable only by the scholar, making the international somewhat of an ivory tower.

Leadership Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Assessment - Essay Example This will encourage them to work harder as well as take an interest in the goals and ambitions of the organization as they do not wish to be responsible for its failure to achieve them. This leadership style allows for the discussion of various issues and the input of all the employees involved in the making of a decision. The organization operates under a Divisional structure that is designed to enhance team development within the organization. This structure functions through grouping each organizational function into a division that is staffed with the necessary individuals and requirements in order to operate efficiently (Robbins & Judge, 2007). For example, the financial aspects of the organization will be dealt with by the finance division of the organization. This allows for the negation of any potential confusion and allows for an individual to hone their relationship skills within the workplace. This is because every division can be considered to be a team thus the emphasis on team development whereby individuals in the same division need to work together and with other divisions to reach the organization’s goals thus developing the relationship skills of the employees as a result (Robbins & Judge, 2007). The performance of the Company CEO in terms of ethical behavior and communication can be considered to be of a high level as he was successful in getting his employees to understand what he needed from them in a way that motivated the various individuals to give their best in the tasks that they were handed (Deckers, 2010). His ethics were also impressive as at no time did he show favoritism to one particular individual or group and operated on a basis of deserved merit when dealing with his employees. This led to the employees being motivated to improve on their work performance as they were encouraged by the fact that only their hard work would be the basis for recognition by the company meaning that everyone in the organization had a fair ch ance at climbing up the ladder. There are various practices that an organizational leader can use to motivate their employees to improve their work ethic. Some of these practices include the issuing of rewards for jobs well done. This will motivate an employee to give their best in whatever their working on as they try to achieve this award (Deckers, 2010). The reward in itself does not have to be a major gift and could be simple such as an additional off day for the employee, a gift card or any small token of appreciation that makes the individual feel the company has recognized the good work they have done. Another way of motivating employees can be through the hosting of social events for the workers. This could be a way of saying "thank you" for the hard work and will motivate them to make their company proud through the work that they do (Deckers, 2010). These events could be Christmas or other holiday parties or even hosting a birthday party for the longest serving employee in the company for example. A third practice in motivating employees is the issuing of equity shares to the workers that will make them feel like they are part of the company therefore its success will be their success. Diversity is an issue that can bring about a

Crime Scene Investigations by First Responders

Crime Scene Investigations by First Responders Crime scenes contain the forensic evidence required to apprehend criminals. The proper collection and processing of physical evidence is of primary importance to most police investigations. Evidence can not only establish the fact of the offense and identify the perpetrator, it may even lead to a conviction. In collecting this evidence we must be conscious of the publics Fourth Amendment rights and not violate them in this collection of evidence. Unfortunately, poorly conducted crime scene investigations can sometimes either destroy evidence or render it useless. Law Enforcement should approach the crime scene investigation as if it will be their only opportunity to preserve and recover these physical clues. They should consider other case information or statements from witnesses or suspects carefully in their objective assessment of the scene. Investigations may change course a number of times during such an inquiry and physical clues, initially thought irrelevant, may become crucial to a successful resolution of the case. The primary responsibilities of the initial responder to a crime include the following: (1) to preserve life; and (2) to control suspects and witnesses. Once these two objectives have been achieved, the initial responder should focus their attention on protecting the crime scene. The initial response to an incident shall be expeditious and methodical. Upon arrival, the officer(s) shall assess the scene and treat the incident as a crime scene. The initial responder should note or log dispatch information such as names, address, time, type of call, and any other relevant information. Be aware of any persons or vehicles leaving the crime scene. The importance of preserving the scene and its adjacent areas in their original condition cannot be overemphasized. Approach the scene cautiously, scan the entire area to thoroughly assess the scene, and note any possible secondary crime scenes. Be aware of any persons and vehicles in the vicinity that may be related to the crime. Remain alert an d attentive; Assume the crime is ongoing until determined to be otherwise. also treat the location as a crime scene until assessed and determined to be otherwise. It is usually the uniformed peace officer who first arrives at the scene of a crime. After controlling any dangerous situations or persons, the initial responding officers next responsibility is to ensure that medical attention is provided to injured persons while minimizing contamination of the scene. The initial responding officer shall ensure that medical attention is provided with minimal contamination of the scene by guiding medical personnel to the victim to minimize contamination or alteration of the crime scene. Point out potential physical evidence to medical personnel, instruct them to minimize contact with such evidence (e.g., ensure that medical personnel preserve all clothing and personal effects without cutting through bullet holes, knife tears), and document movement of persons or items by medical personnel. Instruct medical personnel not to clean up the scene and to avoid removal or alteration of items originating from the scene. Protecting the evidence typically involves the establishing a perimeter. In fact, for some crime scenes, two perimeters may be appropriate (Garrison, 1994, pp. 18-20). Only the investigator in charge and those personnel that he gives permission to should be allowed to cross these boundaries (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Detectives and supervisors are normally in charge of investigations. There should, however, only be one person in charge of the crime scene itself. The first question that the investigator will ask when he arrives is as follows: Has anyone been allowed to enter the scene? (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26)? The investigator should then use whatever resources are available (e.g., barricades or other uniformed officers) to further protect the area. Such measures exclude both curious bystanders and curious officials. Investigators often must turn away any number of officialsboth in and out of uniformwho could unintentionally destroy evidence. Once the area has been secured, the investigator then carries out the duties of search commander. Initially, the commander must obtain the following information: The time of the arrival of the first officer at the scene, who was present, what was said, and whether or not everything is exactly as it was when the officer arrived (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Then, the addresses of all persons found on or adjacent to the scene should be collected. Although these people are questioned about their exact location at the time of the crime, they do not usually undergo interrogation on the spot. Rather, such persons are simply removed from the scene and separated: They should not be allowed to talk to each other until each has been carefully questioned and statements have been obtained individuals considered as suspect(s) should be read their Miranda Rights. Any violation of Fourth Amendment rights could jeopardize any evidence obtained during an interrogation or interview for use in the case at a trial. The next phase of crime scene investigation consists of surveying the scene. Defining and controlling boundaries provide a means for protecting and securing the crime scene(s). The number of crime scenes and their boundaries are determined by their location(s) and the type of crime. Boundaries shall be established beyond the initial scope of the crime scene(s) with the understanding that the boundaries can be reduced in size if necessary but cannot be as easily expanded. The investigator needs to get an over-all picture of the area in which the offense occurred (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). After a preliminary survey has been performed, the crime scene examination should be initiated. The investigator must try to start the investigation cold (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). There should be no preconceived notions of what happened, how it happened, or who might have done it. Such conclusions must be based solely on the evidence found at the scene. It is during this initial stage of the investigation, that the search commander has the scene photographed and sketched. Photography provides investigators with an accurate and permanent record. Nothing at a crime scene should ever be touched, picked up, or moved until it has been photographed. Only a true photograph can be presented in court (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). If it can be shown that something in the picture was tampered with, or that there are objects present that were not there originally, then the photograph cannot be used as evidence. Photographers should be present throughout the investigation. In addition to photographs, the search commander also has a sketch made of the area. Sketching should be started as soon as possible. These freehand drawings are typically oriented by compass directions. Moreover, the location of all sketched objects should be determined by accurate measurements. While photographs reproduce everything within the range and field of the camera l ens, sketches include only certain essential items. There are three types of crime scene photographs and sketches. These include the following: (1) those that describe the locality; (2) those that reproduce the immediate grounds; and (3) those that cover the details of the scene. Locality reproduction produces a picture of the crime scene and its surroundings. These pictures should include such things as neighboring buildings, streets, and sidewalks. Second, reproductions of the grounds should describe the crime scenes immediate surroundings (e.g., the house, the garden, etc.). Finally, a details picture shows only the scene itself (e.g., the room in which the offense was committed). During photography and sketching, the search commander must formulate a plan of action. This involves designating the various crime scene areas and objects that need to be searched and inspected. The commander must also decide how many investigators to assign to the case. Once the search has begun, it is up to the searchers to decide what objects will be dusted for latent prints and what objects will be removed as evidence. Searches need to be both thorough and accurate: Nothing should be taken for granted. Furthermore, searchers should not attempt to rely on their memories. Instead, everything of possible significance must be recorded (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). With the development of more advanced laboratory technologies, the role of physical evidence in the apprehension and prosecution of criminals has expanded considerably. It is generally assumed that by gathering more evidence, the investigator increases the likelihood of identifying the suspects (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 165-166). Evidence is defined as anything that may be presented in determining the truth about a fact in question (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Physical evidence has three general purposes: (1) it can verify that a crime has been committed; (2) it can identify the person or persons who committed the crime; and (3) it can exonerate all other persons who may be under suspicion. Physical evidence proving that a crime has been committed may include such things as broken door locks or bodily injury to the complainant. Evidence indicating that the suspect was at the scene of the crime can consist of fibers or injury to the suspect (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 143-149). T hese forms of evidence support probable cause in having a warrant issued for further investigations that lead away from the actual crime scene. There are two main types of evidence found at crime scenes: (1) fixed evidence; and (2) movable evidence. Fixed evidence includes such things as latent fingerprints, shoe prints, tire prints, tool marks, and objects which cannot be removed because of bulk, weight, or other factors. In contrast, movable evidence consists of items which can be easily removed and stored. Finally, it should also be noted that almost anything can constitute a clue in a criminal investigation. Therefore, everything must be recorded and nothing should be overlooked. Once evidence is discovered, the search commander should have its location reproduced by sketch and/or photograph. The commander then marks the evidence for purposes of identification. The searcher who discovered the evidence should stand by as a witness to this marking and handling procedure. The term, chain of custody, refers to the possession of evidence (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Investigators must be able to establish the continuous possession of evidence from the moment that it is discovered until the time that it is presented in court. By having the search commander handle all evidence, this chain of custody is reduced. In recent years, many police departments have augmented their evidence gathering capabilities by hiring additional personnel. Evidence technicians, or Crime Scene Search Officers, are highly trained crime scene processing specialists (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 143-149). These personnel can be dispatched just like patrol officers. Evidence technicians are generally used whenever there is retrievable physical evidence, or whenever the patrol officer feels that a photograph of the crime scene could be of benefit (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 143-149). A coroner may also be present at a crime scene. Coroners serve as a middle man between the medical examiner and law enforcement (Voelker, 1995, p. 1164). A coroner with forensic training may also act as a liaison between law enforcement, the media, and the public. The presence of many diverse personnel at a crime scene can give rise to conflict. However, everyone present has a specific job to do; moreover, each individual task is an important part of the entire mission. Search commanders should direct all activities such that conflict is minimized. As Dienstein (1962) emphasizes, Teamwork is essential to crime scene search (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Besides hiring personnel, many departments are also in the process of updating their criminalist equipment. For example, Anchorage Alaskas police department recently converted a customized motor home into a modern crime scene vehicle. By making crime scene investigation faster and more thorough, such tools can improve a teams overall efficiency. There are various problems that may be encountered during crime scene investigations. Two of these include staging and contamination. Staging involves the alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of police. There are different reasons for staging. For one, an offender might try to direct investigators attention elsewhere. Such persons may act overly cooperative or appear extremely distraught. Second, staging can also represent an attempt to protect either the victim or the victims family. Such cases usually involve people who are concerned about the position, dress, or condition of a victims body (Douglas Munn, 1992, pp. 1-10). Perhaps the biggest problem that crime scene technicians face, however, is crime scene contamination. Sensitive forensic techniques may be adversely affected by crime scene trampling. Police departments should have a written policy regarding crime scene protection and preservation. In addition, supervisors and investigators must set an example for the entire crime scene team by adhering to the guidelines. Crime scene investigation is a complex process. It involves a number of different professionals and various areas of expertise. Only by acting as a team, however, will the members of such a diverse group ensure that their efforts result in a reasonable outcome. The alteration of a crime scene can cause investigators to draw erroneous conclusions. By expeditiously carrying out his responsibilities, the initial responder may determine the ultimate outcome of an entire investigation.